Models of Enforcement of Court Decisions
Abstract
Models of performance of judgments as the general models, or algorithms of compulsory execution are investigated. Several classifications of models of compulsory execution - the Anglo-Saxon law and the Romano-German law are analysed; centralized and decentralized; Public non-judicial; with partial or full privatization of enforcement proceeding and transfer of function on compulsory performance of judgments to private structures; With dispersal of functions on implementation of judgments between bodies of court in the person of bailiffs and executive authorities. Assuming as a basis a way of the organization of a profession of the bailiff it is expedient to divide all models into private-law, public and mixed.
So, for private-law models (France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, etc.) what carrying out executive actions is carried out by private bailiffs who are highly qualified specialists is characteristic, got university education in the field of law and made the state qualification examination. They combine the status of representatives of a liberal profession, that is at discretion will organize the work, and on the other hand as the state delegates them to perform functions, on performance of judgments, - the state officials. Private bailiffs are appointed to the positions by public authorities by providing the license to them. In public models (Germany, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Slovakia, Turkey, Croatia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Russia, Tajikistan, etc.) of performance of judgments it is assigned only to officials of public authorities who can have the higher legal education and/or to be prepared on special courses (brought depends on that in which structure of body the official belongs, carrying out performance). At the same time, courts, and specially created bodies of compulsory execution can be such public authorities both. Depending on that which officials of bodies are engaged in performance of judgments all public models it is possible to divide into judicial (Austria, Denmark, Spain), non-judicial (Finland, Turkey, Sweden, Belarus) and mixed (Germany, Slovakia, Croatia). In the last officials of both vessels, and executive authorities which are specially created for this purpose which competence is differentiated depending on a way of execution are engaged in performance. The mixed models of compulsory execution (the USA, Kazakhstan) combine signs privately legal and public. They are characterized by the fact that public authorities and various individuals can carry out judgments at the same time.
The system of performance of judgments should be estimated considering real efficiency of performance of judgments. At the same time forms of the organization of activity of agents of performance, that is model of performance of judgments, directly do not define the procedure of enforcement proceeding, and in the conditions of low efficiency of enforcement proceeding and quite appropriate introduction of the mixed model of performance of judgments is necessary, as happened in Ukraine in 2016.
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